Dhaka’s Residential Expansion: A Journey of Urban Transformation

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has undergone a remarkable transformation over the decades, evolving from a historical city into a bustling metropolis. This residential expansion has become a defining feature of its urban landscape, driven by the city’s role as the country’s economic powerhouse and administrative center. The growth of Dhaka is a complex interplay of strategic planning and spontaneous development, reflecting the collaborative efforts of government policies and private sector investments.

Historical Context of Urbanization

The roots of Dhaka’s urbanization can be traced back to its establishment as the first capital of Subah Bangalah in 1610, later renamed Jahangirnagar after Emperor Jahangir. The city’s significance surged when it became the capital of East Bengal under British rule in 1905 and later East Pakistan in 1947. The pivotal moment came in 1971 when Dhaka was declared the capital of independent Bangladesh, marking the beginning of a new era of growth and development.

Geographically, Dhaka is bordered by the Buriganga River to the south, the Turag River to the west, the Balu River to the east, and Tongi Khal to the north. The city’s elevation, particularly the Buriganga riverbank, which stands 6-7 feet higher than surrounding areas, has influenced its expansion patterns. Dr. Ainun Nishat, Professor Emeritus at BRAC University, notes that areas like Tejgaon, once distant from the main city, have developed significantly, contributing to the urban sprawl.

Government Initiatives and Urban Planning

The government has played a crucial role in shaping Dhaka’s residential and commercial spaces. The Dacca Improvement Trust (DIT), established in 1956, was the first step towards organized urban development. Initially focused on 320 square miles, RAJUK (Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha) expanded its jurisdiction to cover 590 square miles by 1987. The introduction of the Detailed Area Plan (DAP) in 2010 marked a significant milestone in Dhaka’s planning history, serving as a framework for coordinated urban development.

The DAP for 2022-2035 is particularly noteworthy, outlining a long-term strategy for the next two decades. Covering an area of 1,528 square kilometers (590 square miles), this plan aims to enhance connectivity between Dhaka’s central region and its surrounding areas, including Tarabo, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Savar. Successful projects like Uttara and the ongoing development of Purbachal, which offers over 25,000 residential plots, are vital government initiatives addressing the high demand for housing.

The Role of the Private Sector

The private sector has also been instrumental in Dhaka’s urbanization. Real estate companies are strategically targeting newly developed areas, responding to the growing demand for housing. Md. Wahiduzzaman, President of REHAB (Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh), emphasizes the importance of public-private partnerships in driving urbanization. Projects like the Metro Rail and Expressway have significantly improved connectivity, facilitating the expansion of the city.

Developments such as the Jolshiri Abashon area, located near the 300 Feet area of Bashundhara, showcase the evolving preferences of residents. A K M Rafiul Islam, Head of Sales at Sheltech (Pvt.) Ltd., highlights the demand for open spaces and amenities like parks and golf courses, reflecting a shift towards a more sustainable and enjoyable living environment.

Challenges of Rapid Urbanization

Despite the positive strides in urban development, Dhaka faces significant challenges. The city’s population is projected to reach around 20 crore in the next decade, with urban migration intensifying. Dr. Ainun Nishat warns that the rapid influx of people into Dhaka poses a challenge in meeting housing needs, as the rural population decreases while urban areas swell.

Concerns about unplanned growth and compliance with regulations have been raised by experts like Mehedi Hasan, Chief Design Coordinator of Credence Housing Ltd. The proliferation of private housing developments without adherence to RAJUK’s guidelines raises risks of congestion and inadequate infrastructure.

The Need for Effective Planning and Monitoring

Effective planning is crucial for sustainable urban growth. Experts stress the importance of aligning plans and timelines to achieve optimal results. Md. Wahiduzzaman suggests that the government should reconsider land allocation policies for officials in Dhaka, advocating for rental housing instead. He also highlights the need for timely development in areas like Purbachal to maximize benefits.

RAJUK’s Chairman, Maj Gen (Retd) Md Siddiqur Rahman Sarker, acknowledges the dual role of government and private initiatives in driving Dhaka’s expansion. He emphasizes the need for enhanced monitoring capabilities to ensure sustainable development. The relocation of zonal offices to newly developed areas aims to improve oversight and streamline the approval process for new projects.

Conclusion: A Vision for Sustainable Growth

As Dhaka continues to expand, addressing challenges such as waterlogging, pollution, and climate change is essential for promoting resilience. The establishment of a comprehensive database for monitoring developments, as proposed by RAJUK, will enhance transparency and efficiency in urban planning.

The future of Dhaka’s residential expansion hinges on collaborative efforts between the government, private sector, and communities. By prioritizing sustainable development and effective planning, Dhaka can navigate the complexities of urbanization, ensuring a vibrant and livable city for generations to come.